Error Handling
Handling runtime errors.
FreeBASIC can handle the errors in the following ways:
- By default the program does nothing with the errors - they are silently ignored and code continues. In this case code should process possible errors in the next line by using the Err function.
- If compiled with -e, -ex or -exx options, FreeBASIC uses QB-like error handling.
- Future OOP versions of FreeBASIC may have a java-like TRY..CATCH...FINALLY exception handler implemented.
NOTE: The following information is valid unless the error produces an OS General Protection Fault (for example if the program writes outside the process memory area). In these cases the OS will immediately stop the program and issue an error: nothing can avoid it from inside FreeBASIC.
Default error handling
The default FreeBASIC behavior is to set the ERR variable and continue.
Dim As Integer e
Open "xzxwz.zwz" For Input As #1
e = Err
Print e
Sleep
Open "xzxwz.zwz" For Input As #1
e = Err
Print e
Sleep
(The example program supposes there is no xzxwz.zwz file). The program does not stop; it sets the ERR variable and continues. The error can be processed in the next line.
Some IO functions such as Open and Put #... can be used in function form, returning an error number or zero if successful.
Some IO functions such as Open and Put #... can be used in function form, returning an error number or zero if successful.
Print Open ("xzxwz.zwz" For Input As #1)
Sleep
Sleep
QuickBASIC-like error handling
If the -e, -ex or -exx switch is used at compile time, the program is expected to have a QB-like error handler enabled. If no handler processes the error, the program stops with an error.
Notice: if QB-Like error handling is used, the programmer should be prepared to handle all error conditions.
On Error sets an error handling routine which the program will jump to when an error is found. On Error Goto 0 disables the error handling.
If an error handling routine is not set when an error occurs, the program will stop and send the console an error message.
The error handler routine can be at the end of the program, as in QB. The On Local Error statement allows the setting of a local error handler routine at the end of the same Sub or Function in which the error occurs.
If the -e switch is used (whatever the -lang dialect), the error handler must terminate the program.
With (-ex or -exx) and -lang qb dialect only, the error routine can end by using Resume (retries the statement that caused the error) or Resume Next (continues at the next instruction) .
Notice: if QB-Like error handling is used, the programmer should be prepared to handle all error conditions.
'' Compile with QB (-lang qb) dialect
'$lang: "qb"
On Error Goto FAILED
Open "xzxwz.zwz" For Input As #1
On Error Goto 0
Sleep
End
FAILED:
Dim e As Integer
e = Err
Print e
Sleep
End
'$lang: "qb"
On Error Goto FAILED
Open "xzxwz.zwz" For Input As #1
On Error Goto 0
Sleep
End
FAILED:
Dim e As Integer
e = Err
Print e
Sleep
End
On Error sets an error handling routine which the program will jump to when an error is found. On Error Goto 0 disables the error handling.
If an error handling routine is not set when an error occurs, the program will stop and send the console an error message.
Aborting program due to runtime error 2 (file not found)
The error handler routine can be at the end of the program, as in QB. The On Local Error statement allows the setting of a local error handler routine at the end of the same Sub or Function in which the error occurs.
'' Compile with -e
'' The -e command line option is needed to enable error handling.
Declare Sub foo
foo
Sleep
Sub foo
Dim filename As String
Dim errmsg As String
filename = ""
On Local Error Goto fail
Open filename For Input Access Read As #1
Print "No error"
On Local Error Goto 0
Exit Sub
fail:
errmsg = "Error " & Err & _
" in function " & *Erfn & _
" on line " & Erl
Print errmsg
End Sub
'' The -e command line option is needed to enable error handling.
Declare Sub foo
foo
Sleep
Sub foo
Dim filename As String
Dim errmsg As String
filename = ""
On Local Error Goto fail
Open filename For Input Access Read As #1
Print "No error"
On Local Error Goto 0
Exit Sub
fail:
errmsg = "Error " & Err & _
" in function " & *Erfn & _
" on line " & Erl
Print errmsg
End Sub
If the -e switch is used (whatever the -lang dialect), the error handler must terminate the program.
With (-ex or -exx) and -lang qb dialect only, the error routine can end by using Resume (retries the statement that caused the error) or Resume Next (continues at the next instruction) .
Error codes
See Runtime Error Codes for a listing of runtime error numbers and their associated meaning.
No user error code range is defined. If Error is used to set an error code it is wise to use high values to avoid collisions with the list of built-in error codes. (This built-in list may be expanded later.)
No user error code range is defined. If Error is used to set an error code it is wise to use high values to avoid collisions with the list of built-in error codes. (This built-in list may be expanded later.)
'On [Local] Error Goto' statement use
'On [Local] Error Goto label' causes a program jump to a specified label as soon as an error occurs. Such errors can be triggered by built-in statements such as 'Open', 'Get', 'Put', or when the Error statement is used.
The error checking for built-in statements is only enabled if the program is compiled with one of the -e, -ex or -exx options. Otherwise, no jump will be performed, but the command will still consume processor time.
When triggered by the only Error statement, 'On [Local] Error Goto label' remains always working even when none of these compile options are used.
'On Error Goto 0' deactivates the current error handler. If an error occurs, FreeBASIC will not jump.
The optional Local keyword (authorized only inside Sub/Function) was intended to be used to define an error handler only in the same procedure the 'On Local Error' is in (for compatibility with PDS 7.1 and VB Dos 1.0 for example). In this case, FreeBASIC should have searched for the label in the current procedure only.
But presently, the Local clause is ignored by the compiler, and the error handler can be either in the scope of the same procedure the 'On [Local] Error' is in, or in the main part of the module (if defined before the procedure).
Exception when -gen gcc is used (or for the fbc 64-bit): the Local clause seems to be rightly taken into account, but except inside a local scope!
'On [Local] Error Goto label' is not the best way to catch errors from a built-in procedure when a syntax in the form of a function is available. The return error code can be directly tested (using the returned error code from function inhibits the QuickBASIC-like error checking and statement 'On Error Goto').
It is advisable to try to write programs compatible with the -lang fb dialect and -exx option, because to test programs with option -exx for debugging purposes is a great helping:
The behavior of statement 'On Error Goto' (-lang fb) regarding compilation options (none, -e/-ex/-exx) is enlighten with the following program including several examples (4), to be compiled with or without error checking option (4*2=8 tests):
The error checking for built-in statements is only enabled if the program is compiled with one of the -e, -ex or -exx options. Otherwise, no jump will be performed, but the command will still consume processor time.
When triggered by the only Error statement, 'On [Local] Error Goto label' remains always working even when none of these compile options are used.
'On Error Goto 0' deactivates the current error handler. If an error occurs, FreeBASIC will not jump.
The optional Local keyword (authorized only inside Sub/Function) was intended to be used to define an error handler only in the same procedure the 'On Local Error' is in (for compatibility with PDS 7.1 and VB Dos 1.0 for example). In this case, FreeBASIC should have searched for the label in the current procedure only.
But presently, the Local clause is ignored by the compiler, and the error handler can be either in the scope of the same procedure the 'On [Local] Error' is in, or in the main part of the module (if defined before the procedure).
Exception when -gen gcc is used (or for the fbc 64-bit): the Local clause seems to be rightly taken into account, but except inside a local scope!
'On [Local] Error Goto label' is not the best way to catch errors from a built-in procedure when a syntax in the form of a function is available. The return error code can be directly tested (using the returned error code from function inhibits the QuickBASIC-like error checking and statement 'On Error Goto').
It is advisable to try to write programs compatible with the -lang fb dialect and -exx option, because to test programs with option -exx for debugging purposes is a great helping:
- Avoid to use the statement Resume or Resume Next, because it is not at all supported by -lang fb (compilation error).
- On the other hand, sometimes when it is useful (when no form of a function is available), use the statement 'On [Local] Error Goto', because it runs with any option among -e, -ex, -exx. Otherwise (no error checking option), 'On [Local] Error Goto' is inactive (without compilation error), but it consumes CPU time.
Accordingly and if necessary, usually write QuickBasic-like error handling ('On [Local] Error Goto label' ..... 'label:' .....), with conditional assembly directive depending on the value of __FB_ERR__, in order not to penalize the execution speed (if not error checking option is used).- On the other hand, sometimes when it is useful (when no form of a function is available), use the statement 'On [Local] Error Goto', because it runs with any option among -e, -ex, -exx. Otherwise (no error checking option), 'On [Local] Error Goto' is inactive (without compilation error), but it consumes CPU time.
The behavior of statement 'On Error Goto' (-lang fb) regarding compilation options (none, -e/-ex/-exx) is enlighten with the following program including several examples (4), to be compiled with or without error checking option (4*2=8 tests):
#DEFINE Config 1
'#DEFINE Config 2
'#DEFINE Config 3
'#DEFINE Config 4
#IF Config = 1 '-----------------------------------------------------------
Open "does_not_exist" For Input As #1
Print "main end"
Sleep
System
' - with compiler option 'none' :
' console output :
' 'main end'
'
' - with compiler option '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'Aborting due to runtime error 2 (file not found) at line 10 of .....'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 2 '-----------------------------------------------------------
Dim As Integer Result = Open("does_not_exist" For Input As #1)
If Result <> 0 Then
Print "error code returned: " & Result
Print "file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')"
End If
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' or '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'error code returned: 2'
' 'file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')'
' 'main end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 3 '-----------------------------------------------------------
On Error Goto Error_Handler
Open "does_not_exist" For Input As #1
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
error_handler:
Print "file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')"
On Error Goto 0
Print "QB-like error handling end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' :
' console output :
' 'main end'
'
' - with compiler option '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')'
' 'QB-like error handling end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 4 '-----------------------------------------------------------
On Error Goto error_handler
Dim As Integer Result = Open("does_not_exist" For Input As #1)
If Result <> 0 Then
Print "error code returned: " & Result
Print "file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')"
End If
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
error_handler:
Print "file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')"
On Error Goto 0
Print "QB-like error handling end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' or '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'error code returned: 2'
' 'file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')'
' 'main end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
The Config=2 and Config=4 sections highlight that when FB function is called using explicitly its returned error code (-lang fb dialect), 'On Error Goto' is by-passed whatever the error checking level ('none', '-e', '-ex', '-exx').'#DEFINE Config 2
'#DEFINE Config 3
'#DEFINE Config 4
#IF Config = 1 '-----------------------------------------------------------
Open "does_not_exist" For Input As #1
Print "main end"
Sleep
System
' - with compiler option 'none' :
' console output :
' 'main end'
'
' - with compiler option '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'Aborting due to runtime error 2 (file not found) at line 10 of .....'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 2 '-----------------------------------------------------------
Dim As Integer Result = Open("does_not_exist" For Input As #1)
If Result <> 0 Then
Print "error code returned: " & Result
Print "file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')"
End If
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' or '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'error code returned: 2'
' 'file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')'
' 'main end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 3 '-----------------------------------------------------------
On Error Goto Error_Handler
Open "does_not_exist" For Input As #1
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
error_handler:
Print "file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')"
On Error Goto 0
Print "QB-like error handling end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' :
' console output :
' 'main end'
'
' - with compiler option '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')'
' 'QB-like error handling end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
#IF Config = 4 '-----------------------------------------------------------
On Error Goto error_handler
Dim As Integer Result = Open("does_not_exist" For Input As #1)
If Result <> 0 Then
Print "error code returned: " & Result
Print "file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')"
End If
Print "main end"
Sleep
End
error_handler:
Print "file not found (processed by 'On Error Goto')"
On Error Goto 0
Print "QB-like error handling end"
Sleep
End
' - with compiler option 'none' or '-e' or '-ex' or '-exx' :
' console output :
' 'error code returned: 2'
' 'file not found (processed by 'Result = Open(.....)')'
' 'main end'
#ENDIF '-------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
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