Identifier Look-ups in namespaces and types

When referencing to an identifier is encountered in a program, a look-up is performed to locate the declaration that introduced that identifier.

Preamble:
The identifiers to look-up can be unqualified or qualified:
- An unqualified identifier is an identifier that does not have a prefix to specify what scope it comes from.
- A qualified identifier includes a prefix to clarify the interpretive scope by overriding the default scope.

Scope priority hierarchy
Unqualified identifier look-ups verify the priority hierarchy as follows:
  • [1] Current Namespace/Type.
  • [2] Base Types (by Extends), ranked from closest to furthest in inheritance hierarchy.
  • [3] Parent Namespaces (by nesting), ranked from closest to furthest in ancestry hierarchy (including global namespace: always furthest in hierarchy).
  • [4] Imported Namespaces (by Using), without hierarchy between them (regardless of their respective level of nesting).

Unqualified identifiers for look-up can be:
- Variable identifiers.
=> Look-up order: [1], [2], [3], [4].
- Procedure identifiers.
=> Look-up order: [1], [2], [3], [4].
- Type/Union identifiers.
=> Look-up order: [1], [3], [4].
- Enum identifiers, not their field symbols alone.
=> Look-up order: [1], [3], [4].

If a qualified identifier with a prefix referring to a namespace is used instead of an unqualified identifier, the previous rules for unqualified identifiers are amended as follows:
  • The look-up begins at the level of the namespace corresponding to the specified prefix (as in [1]).
  • Failing that, then only namespaces imported into this namespace can be candidates for the look-up (as in [4]).
  • But never the parent namespaces of this namespace nor also the global namespace can be candidates (not as in [3]).
=> Look-up order: [1], [4].

If a qualified identifier with a prefix (object-name/This or Base (member access)) referring to a type is used instead of an unqualified identifier, the previous rules for unqualified identifiers are amended as follows:
  • The look-up begins at the level of the type or base type depending on the specified prefix object-name/This or Base (member access) (similarly to [1]).
  • Failing that, then only higher base types from closest to furthest can be successively candidates for the look-up (as in [2]).
  • But never any namespaces, the current also excluded, can be candidates (not as in [3] or [4]).
=> Look-up order: [1], [2].

Full process
The full process simplifies the problem by dealing with it in two successive phases:
  • Using the scope priority hierarchy rules above, selection of a single scope among all those which are accessible by only taking into account the identifier for look-up, regardless of the signature supplied by the caller (if at least two scopes containing this identifier have equivalent accessibility priority, then the process is stopped with an ambiguity status).
  • Within the single scope retained if it exists, one final overload resolution taking into account the full signature is carried out (if there is no compatibility with the declared signature(s), the process is stopped without testing another accessible scope).

The problem is thus simplified to one single full overload resolution within a same scope (instead of a full overload resolution within each scope candidate, and then the difficult choice of the best result among the scope candidates).

The coding of a very optimized resolution process (the best of human intelligence) for a procedure identifier is cumbersome, because having to take into account from the start the complete signature of the called procedure (identifier of the procedure + type and number of parameters + calling convention + return type if it exists).
In addition, it must be taken into account that the signature deduced from the call may not necessarily be identical but just compatible with certain declared ones in the scope candidates.

Identifier look-ups for the overload non-member operators
Currently, the look-up for the overload non-member operator identifiers is simplified by the fact that the compiler always define these operators in the global namespace even if the user declared them in named namespaces.
But the global namespace is always a scope candidate when looking-up for a non-member overload operator identifier from another scope, because this operator identifier cannot be used with a qualifier prefix but always as an unqualified identifier (seen from the operator call, the global namespace is either the current namescape or a parent namescape).

Identifier look-ups for the Using commands
The look-up for the Using command identifiers follows rules similar to those of a Type.

Examples
The following four codes test different look-ups both for one unqualified and one qualified identifier of procedures defined in different scope cases (from the highest to the lowest priority hierarchy):
Sub duplicateSub()
    Print "   ..duplicateSub"
End Sub

Namespace M
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   M.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   N.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
    Namespace P
        Using M
        Sub duplicateSub()
            Print "   N.P.duplicateSub"
        End Sub
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            duplicateSub()
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

Print "From Namespace:"
' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateSub"
' "N.P.duplicateSub()" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateSub"

N.P.test()               '' "N.P.duplicateSub" expected : in (1) current namespace/type
N.P.duplicateSub()       '' "N.P.duplicateSub" expected : in (1) current namespace/type

Print
Sleep

Sub duplicateSub()
    Print "   ..duplicateSub"
End Sub

Namespace M
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   M.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   N.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Sub duplicateSub()
        '    Print "   N.P.duplicateSub"
        'End Sub
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            duplicateSub()
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

Print "From Namespace:"
' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateSub"
' "N.P.duplicateSub()" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateSub"

N.P.test()               '' "N.duplicateSub" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
N.P.duplicateSub()       '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

Sub duplicateSub()
    Print "   ..duplicateSub"
End Sub

Namespace M
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   M.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Sub duplicateSub()
    '    Print "   N.duplicateSub"
    'End Sub
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Sub duplicateSub()
        '    Print "   N.P.duplicateSub"
        'End Sub
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            duplicateSub()
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

Print "From Namespace:"
' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateSub"
' "N.P.duplicateSub()" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateSub"

N.P.test()               '' "..duplicateSub" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
N.P.duplicateSub()       '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

'Sub duplicateSub()
'    Print "   ..duplicateSub"
'End Sub

Namespace M
    Sub duplicateSub()
        Print "   M.duplicateSub"
    End Sub
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Sub duplicateSub()
    '    Print "   N.duplicateSub"
    'End Sub
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Sub duplicateSub()
        '    Print "   N.P.duplicateSub"
        'End Sub
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            duplicateSub()
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

Print "From Namespace:"
' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateSub"
' "N.P.duplicateSub()" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateSub"

N.P.test()               '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')
N.P.duplicateSub()       '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

The following six codes test different look-ups both for one unqualified and one qualified identifier of variables defined in different scope cases (from the highest to the lowest priority hierarchy):
Dim Shared As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "N.GrandChild.duplicateVar" expected : in [1] current namespace/type
Print gc.duplicateVar    '' "N.GrandChild.duplicateVar" expected : in [1] current namespace/type

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "N.Child.duplicateVar" expected : in [2] base types (by 'Extends')
Print gc.duplicateVar    '' "N.Child.duplicateVar" expected : in [2] base types (by 'Extends')

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "N.Parent.duplicateVar" expected : in [2] base types (by 'Extends')
Print gc.duplicateVar    '' "N.Parent.duplicateVar" expected : in [2] base types (by 'Extends')

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    Dim As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "N.duplicateVar" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
'Print gc.duplicateVar   '' error

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "..duplicateVar" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
'Print gc.duplicateVar   '' error

Print
Sleep

'Dim Shared As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   ..duplicateVar"

Namespace M
    Dim As ZString *32 duplicateVar = "   M.duplicateVar"
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Using M
    'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.duplicateVar"
    Type Parent Extends Object
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Parent.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type Child Extends Parent
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.Child.duplicateVar"
    End Type
    Type GrandChild Extends Child
        'Dim As Zstring * 32 duplicateVar = "   N.GrandChild.duplicateVar"
        Declare Sub test()
    End Type
    Sub GrandChild.test()
        Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
        Print duplicateVar
    End Sub
End Namespace

Print "From Type:"
Dim As N.GrandChild gc
' "gc.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateVar"
' "Print gc.duplicateVar" calls the qualified identifier "gc.duplicateVar"

gc.test()                '' "M.duplicateVar" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')
'Print gc.duplicateVar   '' error

Print
Sleep

The following four codes test different look-ups both for one unqualified and one qualified identifier of types defined in different scope cases (from the highest to the lowest priority hierarchy):
Type duplicateType
    Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   ..duplicateType"
End Type

Namespace M
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   M.duplicateType"
    End Type
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   N.duplicateType"
    End Type
    Namespace P
        Using M
        Type duplicateType
            Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   N.P.duplicateType"
        End Type
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print Type<duplicateType>.root
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateType"
' "Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateType"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                          '' "N.P.duplicateSub" expected : in (1) current namespace/type
Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root  '' "N.P.duplicateSub" expected : in (1) current namespace/type

Print
Sleep

Type duplicateType
    Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   ..duplicateType"
End Type

Namespace M
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   M.duplicateType"
    End Type
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   N.duplicateType"
    End Type
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Type duplicateType
        '    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   N.P.duplicateType"
        'End type
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print Type<duplicateType>.root
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateType"
' "Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateType"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                          '' "N.duplicateSub" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root  '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

Type duplicateType
    Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   ..duplicateType"
End Type

Namespace M
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   M.duplicateType"
    End Type
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Type duplicateType
    '    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   N.duplicateType"
    'End type
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Type duplicateType
        '    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   N.P.duplicateType"
        'End type
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print Type<duplicateType>.root
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateType"
' "Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateType"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                          '' "..duplicateSub" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root  '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

'Type duplicateType
'    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   ..duplicateType"
'End type

Namespace M
    Type duplicateType
        Dim As ZString * 32 root = "   M.duplicateType"
    End Type
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Type duplicateType
    '    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   N.duplicateType"
    'End type
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Type duplicateType
        '    Dim As Zstring * 32 root = "   N.P.duplicateType"
        'End type
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print Type<duplicateType>.root
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateType"
' "Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateType"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                          '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')
Print Type<N.P.duplicateType>.root  '' "M.duplicateSub" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

The following four codes test different look-ups both for one unqualified and one qualified identifier of enums defined in different scope cases (from the highest to the lowest priority hierarchy):
Dim Shared As ZString * 32 root(...) = {"   ..duplicateEnum", "   M.duplicateEnum", "   N.duplicateEnum", "   N.P.duplicateEnum"}

Enum duplicateEnum
    nb = 0
End Enum

Namespace M
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 1
    End Enum
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 2
    End Enum
    Namespace P
        Using M
        Enum duplicateEnum
            nb = 3
        End Enum
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print root(duplicateEnum.nb)
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateEnum"
' "Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateEnum"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                        '' "N.P.duplicateEnum" expected : in (1) current namespace/type
Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)  '' "N.P.duplicateEnum" expected : in (1) current namespace/type

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 root(...) = {"   ..duplicateEnum", "   M.duplicateEnum", "   N.duplicateEnum", "   N.P.duplicateEnum"}

Enum duplicateEnum
    nb = 0
End Enum

Namespace M
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 1
    End Enum
End Namespace

Namespace N
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 2
    End Enum
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Enum duplicateEnum
        '    nb = 3
        'End Enum
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print root(duplicateEnum.nb)
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateEnum"
' "Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateEnum"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                        '' "N.duplicateEnum" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)  '' "M.duplicateEnum" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 root(...) = {"   ..duplicateEnum", "   M.duplicateEnum", "   N.duplicateEnum", "   N.P.duplicateEnum"}

Enum duplicateEnum
    nb = 0
End Enum

Namespace M
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 1
    End Enum
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Enum duplicateEnum
    '    nb = 2
    'End Enum
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Enum duplicateEnum
        '    nb = 3
        'End Enum
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print root(duplicateEnum.nb)
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateEnum"
' "Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateEnum"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                        '' "..duplicateEnum" expected : in [3] parent namespaces (by nesting)
Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)  '' "M.duplicateEnum" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

Dim Shared As ZString * 32 root(...) = {"   ..duplicateEnum", "   M.duplicateEnum", "   N.duplicateEnum", "   N.P.duplicateEnum"}

'Enum duplicateEnum
'    nb = 0
'End Enum

Namespace M
    Enum duplicateEnum
        nb = 1
    End Enum
End Namespace

Namespace N
    'Enum duplicateEnum
    '    nb = 2
    'End Enum
    Namespace P
        Using M
        'Enum duplicateEnum
        '    nb = 3
        'End Enum
        Sub test()
            Using M  '' useless, but just to demonstrate that does not increase priority level of imported namespace
            Print root(duplicateEnum.nb)
        End Sub
    End Namespace
End Namespace

' "N.P.test()" calls the unqualified identifier "duplicateEnum"
' "Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)" calls the qualified identifier "N.P.duplicateEnum"

Print "From Namespace:"
N.P.test()                        '' "M.duplicateEnum" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')
Print root(N.P.duplicateEnum.nb)  '' "M.duplicateEnum" expected : in [4] imported namespaces (by 'Using')

Print
Sleep

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