CVS stands for Concurrent Versioning System, and is a tool to let various developers work on the same shared source code, stored in an unique remote repository (the CVS server). Developers can access the same source using their CVS client, work out modifications and submit them to CVS so that they are immediately available to other developers.
The FreeBASIC project uses the SourceForge (SF for short) CVS service to host its code; that is, all the FB sources are stored on the SF servers for anyone to download them. Downloading the latest CVS snapshot from SF brings to you all the latest modifications the developers did up to the time you took the snapshot. But the version in CVS is not an official release, and should not considered stable; that's why using the current CVS snapshot is usually only recommended if you know what you're doing.
Downloading the CVS snapshot can be done following the instructions on SF:
http://sourceforge.net/cvs/?group_id=122342
Be warned that you will need gcc to compile rtlib and gfxlib, plus the FB 0.14 fbc binary to compile the compiler itself.